本文基于SDK 29
1、viewModel：
数据共享，屏幕旋转不丢失数据，并且在Activity与Fragment之间共享数据。
2、LiveData：
感知生命周期并且通知观察者刷新，防止内存泄漏。
二、用法
三、原理：
1、ViewModel：
ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(MyViewModel::class.java)
我们通过这个方法来构造ViewModel。
@NonNull
@MainThread
public static ViewModelProvider of(@NonNull FragmentActivity activity) {
return of(activity, null);
} /**
* Creates a {@link ViewModelProvider}, which retains ViewModels while a scope of given Activity
* is alive. More detailed explanation is in {@link ViewModel}.
* <p>
* It uses the given {@link Factory} to instantiate new ViewModels.
*
* @param activity an activity, in whose scope ViewModels should be retained
* @param factory a {@code Factory} to instantiate new ViewModels
* @return a ViewModelProvider instance
*/
@NonNull
@MainThread
public static ViewModelProvider of(@NonNull FragmentActivity activity,
@Nullable Factory factory) {
Application application = checkApplication(activity);
if (factory == null) {
factory = ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.getInstance(application);
}
return new ViewModelProvider(activity.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}
从源码中可以看出，ViewModelProviders.of(this)获取了一个ViewModelProvider 对象，而该对象中持有一个ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory（因为我们传进入的是null）
和activity.getViewModelStore()。
private final Factory mFactory;
private final ViewModelStore mViewModelStore; public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStore store, @NonNull Factory factory) {
mFactory = factory;
this.mViewModelStore = store;
}
我们再来看看ViewModelStore这个类，从名字中已经可以看出它的用途，那便是存储ViewModel。
public class ViewModelStore {
private final HashMap<String, ViewModel> mMap = new HashMap<>();
final void put(String key, ViewModel viewModel) {
ViewModel oldViewModel = mMap.put(key, viewModel);
if (oldViewModel != null) {
oldViewModel.onCleared();
}
}
final ViewModel get(String key) {
return mMap.get(key);
}
/**
* Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
*/
public final void clear() {
for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
vm.onCleared();
}
mMap.clear();
}
}
我们的ViewModel便是存储在上面的HashMap中。
接下来我们再来看ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(MyViewModel::class.java)的get方法：
@NonNull
@MainThread
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
String canonicalName = modelClass.getCanonicalName();
if (canonicalName == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Local and anonymous classes can not be ViewModels");
}
return get(DEFAULT_KEY + ":" + canonicalName, modelClass);
} @NonNull
@MainThread
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);
if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
//noinspection unchecked
return (T) viewModel;
} else {
//noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
if (viewModel != null) {
// TODO: log a warning.
}
}
viewModel = mFactory.create(modelClass);
mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
//noinspection unchecked
return (T) viewModel;
}
可以看出，所以会去存储ViewModel的ViewModelStore中拿，发现已经有了便直接返回，如果没有的话，那边使用mFactory工厂进行构建，然后再放进ViewModelStore中。
从之前的分析可以看出，这里的mFactory便是AndroidViewModelFactory。
@NonNull
@Override
public <T extends ViewModel> T create(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
if (AndroidViewModel.class.isAssignableFrom(modelClass)) {
//noinspection TryWithIdenticalCatches
try {
return modelClass.getConstructor(Application.class).newInstance(mApplication);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
}
}
return super.create(modelClass);
}
其实该工厂也只是直接实例出该类而已。
此时我们便已经拿到了ViewModel。
可是它是怎么做到数据共享的呢，想做到数据共享，按理说它应该只有一个实例对象，我们且看。
@NonNull
@MainThread
public static ViewModelProvider of(@NonNull FragmentActivity activity,
@Nullable Factory factory) {
Application application = checkApplication(activity);
if (factory == null) {
factory = ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory.getInstance(application);
}
return new ViewModelProvider(activity.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}
在获取ViewModelProvider的时候传进去了activity.getViewModelStore()，那我们看一下activity.getViewModelStore()是怎么获取ViewModelStore的。
@NonNull
@Override
public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
if (getApplication() == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
+ "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.")
}
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
NonConfigurationInstances nc =
(NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
if (nc != null) {
// Restore the ViewModelStore from NonConfigurationInstances
mViewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
}
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
}
}
return mViewModelStore;
}
关键的代码在于这一句：NonConfigurationInstances nc = (NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
static final class NonConfigurationInstances {
Object activity;
HashMap<String, Object> children;
FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments;
ArrayMap<String, LoaderManager> loaders;
VoiceInteractor voiceInteractor;
}
/* package */ NonConfigurationInstances mLastNonConfigurationInstances;
@Nullable
public Object getLastNonConfigurationInstance() {
return mLastNonConfigurationInstances != null
? mLastNonConfigurationInstances.activity : null;
}
将mLastNonConfigurationInstances.activity强转成FragmentActivity中的一个类：NonConfigurationInstances，然后获取ViewModelStore
static final class NonConfigurationInstances {
Object custom;
ViewModelStore viewModelStore;
FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments;
}
NonConfigurationInstances是个静态类，所以里面的ViewModelStore 也是唯一的，因此ViewModelStore 能做到数据共享。
2、LivaData
我们先看这个语句：
viewModel?.livaData?.observe(this, Observer<Int> { integer -> Log.d("MainActivity", integer!!.toString()) })
从这个语句往源码里面探究：
@MainThread
public void observe(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner, @NonNull Observer<? super T> observer) {
assertMainThread("observe");
if (owner.getLifecycle().getCurrentState() == DESTROYED) {
// ignore
return;
}
LifecycleBoundObserver wrapper = new LifecycleBoundObserver(owner, observer);
ObserverWrapper existing = mObservers.putIfAbsent(observer, wrapper);
if (existing != null && !existing.isAttachedTo(owner)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot add the same observer"
+ " with different lifecycles");
}
if (existing != null) {
return;
}
owner.getLifecycle().addObserver(wrapper);
}
如果这个activity处于销毁状态，那么便不会添加该观察者，否则，构造一个LifecycleBoundObserver对象，放进mObservers里面，mObservers即为：
private SafeIterableMap<Observer<? super T>, ObserverWrapper> mObservers =
new SafeIterableMap<>();
然后将LifecycleBoundObserver对象放进LifecycleRegistry里面。
LifecycleBoundObserver里面持有的对象如下：
当我们给LiveData设置值的时候：livaData.value = i
public class MutableLiveData<T> extends LiveData<T> {
@Override
public void postValue(T value) {
super.postValue(value);
}
@Override
public void setValue(T value) {
super.setValue(value);
}
}
里面还有个postValue方法：
protected void postValue(T value) {
boolean postTask;
synchronized (mDataLock) {
postTask = mPendingData == NOT_SET;
mPendingData = value;
}
if (!postTask) {
return;
}
ArchTaskExecutor.getInstance().postToMainThread(mPostValueRunnable);
}
postValue最终也会调用到主线程。postValue可以在子线程调用，而setValue必须在主线程调用，否则会抛出异常。
我们看setValue方法：
@MainThread
protected void setValue(T value) {
assertMainThread("setValue");
mVersion++;
mData = value;
dispatchingValue(null);
}
void dispatchingValue(@Nullable ObserverWrapper initiator) {
if (mDispatchingValue) {
mDispatchInvalidated = true;
return;
}
mDispatchingValue = true;
do {
mDispatchInvalidated = false;
if (initiator != null) {
considerNotify(initiator);
initiator = null;
} else {
for (Iterator<Map.Entry<Observer<? super T>, ObserverWrapper>> iterator =
mObservers.iteratorWithAdditions(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
considerNotify(iterator.next().getValue());
if (mDispatchInvalidated) {
break;
}
}
}
} while (mDispatchInvalidated);
mDispatchingValue = false;
}
这里我们传进来的initiator为null，所以我们主要看：
for (Iterator<Map.Entry<Observer<? super T>, ObserverWrapper>> iterator =
mObservers.iteratorWithAdditions(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
considerNotify(iterator.next().getValue());
if (mDispatchInvalidated) {
break;
}
}
这里的mObservers即为：
private SafeIterableMap<Observer<? super T>, ObserverWrapper> mObservers =
new SafeIterableMap<>();
里面存放着我们之前放进去的LifecycleBoundObserver对象。
iterator.next().getValue()获取的便是LifecycleBoundObserver对象。
private void considerNotify(ObserverWrapper observer) {
if (!observer.mActive) {
return;
}
// Check latest state b4 dispatch. Maybe it changed state but we didn't get the event yet.
//
// we still first check observer.active to keep it as the entrance for events. So even if
// the observer moved to an active state, if we've not received that event, we better not
// notify for a more predictable notification order.
if (!observer.shouldBeActive()) {
observer.activeStateChanged(false);
return;
}
if (observer.mLastVersion >= mVersion) {
return;
}
observer.mLastVersion = mVersion;
//noinspection unchecked
observer.mObserver.onChanged((T) mData);
}
检测当前生命周期，至少是处于start。
@Override
boolean shouldBeActive() {
return mOwner.getLifecycle().getCurrentState().isAtLeast(STARTED);
}
然后执行observer.mObserver.onChanged((T) mData);回调出去。
observer.mObserver便是我们传进去的观察者：
Observer<Int> { integer -> Log.d("MainActivity", integer!!.toString()) }
由以上也可以看出：我们是可以注册多个观察者的，所以要注意在一个Activity中只能够注册一次，否则会发生多个回调。
那么有个疑问，我们这样已经实现了，那问什么在liveData?.observe方法里面，不但将LifecycleBoundObserver放进LiveData的SafeIterableMap里面，还要将其放入LifecycleRegistry
里面。owner.getLifecycle()获取到的便是LifecycleRegistry
这是为了在相关的生命周期内做相关的操作，根据上一篇文章，我们可以知道，当activity的生命周期发生改变的时候，会获取添加进LifecycleRegistry的观察者，然后对每个观察者进行回调处理。
而在这里便会回调LifecycleBoundObserver的onStateChanged方法。
@Override
public void onStateChanged(@NonNull LifecycleOwner source,
@NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) {
if (mOwner.getLifecycle().getCurrentState() == DESTROYED) {
removeObserver(mObserver);
return;
}
activeStateChanged(shouldBeActive());
}
判断如果当前处于DESTROYED状态，那么便将我们添加进入的观察者移除。
否则会调用activeStateChanged(shouldBeActive())方法。
如果当前的活跃状态与上一次一样，那么就直接返回。
否则如果变为活跃的状态，那么会调用dispatchingValue(this);
这里要注意，我们之前调用LiveData的setValue的时候，走的的2，但是现在走的是1，因为这次传进来的参数不为空。
private void considerNotify(ObserverWrapper observer) {
if (!observer.mActive) {
return;
}
// Check latest state b4 dispatch. Maybe it changed state but we didn't get the event yet.
//
// we still first check observer.active to keep it as the entrance for events. So even if
// the observer moved to an active state, if we've not received that event, we better not
// notify for a more predictable notification order.
if (!observer.shouldBeActive()) {
observer.activeStateChanged(false);
return;
}
if (observer.mLastVersion >= mVersion) {
return;
}
observer.mLastVersion = mVersion;
observer.mObserver.onChanged((T) mData);
}
然后进入considerNotify这个方法，里面有一个判断十分重要：
if (observer.mLastVersion >= mVersion) {
return;
}
这个判断是做什么用的呢？mVersion是什么时候被赋值的，这时候就要我们回过去头去看LiveData的setValue方法：
每调用一次，那么这个mVersion就会自加一。
所以这个判断便保证了，必须是刷新了LiveData里面的data值，才能够回调观察者事件：observer.mObserver.onChanged((T) mData);
如果生命周期变化的时候，LiveData里面的data值没有刷新，就不能回调出去。所以如果刷新LiveData里面的值的时候不处于活跃状态导致没有回调，当生命周期来到onStart的时候就会去回调。
