【JavaSE】网络编程

2023-05-26,

1. 网络编程概述

网络编程的目的:直接或者间接地通过网络协议与其他计算机实现数据交换,进行通讯。

网络编程两个主要的问题:

①如何精准地定位网络上的一台或多台主机,并定位主机上的特定应用

②找到主机后如何进行可靠高效的数据传输

1.1 网络通信要素

通信双方地址:

①IP地址(InetAddress):查找主机,对应问题一

唯一标识Internet上的计算机(通信实体)

本地回环地址(hostAddress):127.0.0.1 主机名(hostName):localhost

127.0.0.1,通常被称为本地回环地址(Loopback Address),不属于任何一个有类别地址类。它代表设备的本地虚拟接口,所以默认被看作是永远不会宕掉的接口。在Windows操作系统中也有相似的定义,所以通常在安装网卡前就可以ping通这个本地回环地址。一般都会用来检查本地网络协议、基本数据接口等是否正常的。

IP地址分类方式一:

IPv4:4个字节,4个0-255,以点分十进制表示,如192.168.1.1

IPv6:16个字节128位,写成8个无符号整数,每个整数用4个十六进制位表示,数之间用:分开

IP地址分类方式二:

公网地址(万维网使用)和私有地址(局域网使用)

InetAddress

实例化方法
getByName("") 形参地址为IP或者域名
getLoopbackAddress() 本地回环地址的域名IP
getLocalHost() 主机网络域名IP
            InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("192.168.10.14");
System.out.println(inetAddress);///192.168.10.14 InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("www.bilibili.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);//www.bilibili.com/120.92.78.97 InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress2);//LAPTOP-B4BJHS06/192.168.137.1 InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress();
System.out.println(inetAddress3);//localhost/127.0.0.1
实例方法
getHostName()
getHostAddress()

一定的规则,即网络通信协议:

①OSI参考模型(过于理想化)

②TCP/IP参考模型(或TCP/IP协议)

②端口号:标识主机上的应用程序,对应问题二

被规定为不同的16位整数0-65535

端口分类:

①公认端口:0-1023,被预定义的服务通信占用。如Http:80,FTP:21,Telnet:23

②注册端口:1024-49151,分配给用户进程和应用程序,如Tomcat:8080,MySQL:3306,Oracle:1521

③动态、私有端口:49152-65535

端口号与IP的组合为网络套接字:Socket

1.2 网络协议

也即是通信协议,对速率、传输代码、代码结构、传输控制步骤、出错控制等制定标准。同层之间可以通信、上一层可以调用下一层,而与再下一层不再发生关系。

1.2.1 TCP/IP协议簇

传输层包括TCP(传输层控制协议)和UDP(用户数据报协议)。

TCP协议:

使用TCP协议前,先建立TCP连接,形成数据传输通道;传输前,采用“三次握手”的方式,进行可靠的点对点通信;客户端和服务端两个应用进程在连接中进行大数据量的传输,传输结束需要释放已经建立的连接,效率低

TCP网络编程示例:Socket和ServerSocket

    @Test
public void client() {
InetAddress inet = null;
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
inet = InetAddress.getByName("10.42.138.5");
socket = new Socket(inet, 8899); os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("人类荣光永存!".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
if(socket != null)
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if(os != null)
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println(inet);
}
    @Test
public void server() {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
while(true) {
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8899);
socket = serverSocket.accept(); is = socket.getInputStream();
// 方式一,数组长度不足会乱码,UTF汉字占两个字节
// int len;
// byte[] buffer = new byte[5];
// while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
// String str = new String(buffer);
// System.out.print(str);
// System.out.println();
// }
/*
人�
�荣�
��永
存�
����
*/ // 方式二:使用转换流将字节流转换为字符流
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
int len;
char[] chs = new char[1];
while ((len = isr.read(chs)) != -1) {
System.out.print(new String(chs, 0, len));
}
System.out.println(); } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
if (serverSocket != null) {
serverSocket.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (socket != null) {
socket.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
if (is != null) {
is.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

通过Socket传输图片

    @Test
public void nib() {
FileInputStream fis = null;
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream outputStream = null; try {
File file = new File(".\\data\\2B\\2b.jpg");
// System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
fis = new FileInputStream(file); InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("10.42.138.5");
socket = new Socket(inetAddress, 8899);
outputStream = socket.getOutputStream(); int len;
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
while((len=fis.read(bytes))!=-1) {
outputStream.write(bytes, 0, len);
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
fis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
outputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Test
public void kyuus() {
FileOutputStream fs = null;
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
while(true) {
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8899);
socket = serverSocket.accept(); File file = new File(".\\data\\9S\\2b.jpg");
fs = new FileOutputStream(file); is = socket.getInputStream();
int len;
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
while ((len = is.read(bytes)) != -1) {
fs.write(bytes, 0, len);
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
fs.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

需要特别关注的是这一部分代码,file需要放在获取socket之后,否则会导致流无法写入

                serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8899);
socket = serverSocket.accept(); File file = new File(".\\data\\9S\\2b.jpg");
fs = new FileOutputStream(file);

传输完成并回复消息:socket.shutdownOutput()

    @Test
public void nib() {
FileInputStream fis = null;
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream outputStream = null; try {
File file = new File(".\\data\\2B\\2b.jpg");
// System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
fis = new FileInputStream(file); InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("10.42.138.5");
socket = new Socket(inetAddress, 8899);
outputStream = socket.getOutputStream(); int len;
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
while((len=fis.read(bytes))!=-1) {
outputStream.write(bytes, 0, len);
} socket.shutdownOutput(); InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
byte[] bytes1 = new byte[1024];
while((len=is.read(bytes1))!=-1) {
System.out.println(new String(bytes1));
} } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
fis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
outputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Test
public void kyuus() {
FileOutputStream fs = null;
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
while(true) {
try { File file = new File(".\\data\\9S\\2b.jpg");
fs = new FileOutputStream(file); serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8899);
socket = serverSocket.accept(); is = socket.getInputStream();
int len;
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
while ((len = is.read(bytes)) != -1) {
fs.write(bytes, 0, len);
} is = socket.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
char[] chs = new char[100];
while((len=isr.read(chs))!=-1) {
System.out.println(new String(chs,0,len));
} OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("传输完成".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); } catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
fs.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

UDP协议:DatagramSocket和DatagramPacket

将数据、源、目的封装成数据报,不需要建立连接。每个数据包限制大小为64kb。由于不管对方是否准备好,接收方收到也不确认,因此是不可靠的。可以广播发送,发送数据结束时无序释放资源,开销小,速度快。适合传输一些视频。

UDP网络编程示例:

    @Test
public void sender() {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
try {
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
socket = new DatagramSocket(); byte[] data = "我是UDP发送方".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(data, 0, data.length, inet, 8090);
socket.send(datagramPacket); } catch (SocketException | UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally { } } @Test
public void receiver() {
try {
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8090); byte[] data = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(data, 0, data.length); socket.receive(datagramPacket);
System.out.println(new String(datagramPacket.getData(), 0, datagramPacket.getLength())); } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
}
}

UDP与TCP的不同:

TCP必须是服务器端先启动,否则客户端先发送握手请求,没有响应便会断开TCP连接,无法再进行数据传送。而UDP是无连接协议,发送方发送数据不需要判断接收方是否接收,接收方如果后启动就会接收不到数据,但仍然能继续传送数据

IP协议是网络层的主要协议,支持网间互连的数据通信。

1.3 URL编程:统一资源定位符

常用方法
getProtocol() 协议名称
getPath() 资源路径
getHost() 主机域名
getPort() 端口号
getFile() 资源文件
getQuery() 关键字序列
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/examples/beauty.jpg?username='admin'&pwd='123");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol());
System.out.println(url.getPort());
System.out.println(url.getPath());
System.out.println(url.getHost());
System.out.println(url.getFile());
System.out.println(url.getQuery());

【JavaSE】网络编程的相关教程结束。

《【JavaSE】网络编程.doc》

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