这里记录一下python中关于class类的一些知识。不解释就弄不懂的事，就意味着怎样解释也弄不懂。
python中的类知识
一、class的属性引用与实例
class MyClass():
'''A simple exampel class'''
i = 12345 # class variable shared by all instances def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):
self.real = realpart # instance variable unique to each instance
self.imag = imagpart def f(self):
return self.real + 'hello' x = MyClass('huhx', 'linux')
print(x.real, x.imag, x.i, MyClass.i) # MyClass.real会报错
print(MyClass.__doc__, x.__doc__) # A simple exampel class
print(MyClass.f(x), x.f()) # huhxhello huhxhello
When a class defines an __init__() method, class instantiation automatically invokes __init__() for the newly-created class instance.所以python类的__init__()方法类似于java中构造方法。
MyClass类的属性i在所有MyClass的实例中共享，而real和imag就是实例私有，每个MyClass的实例这两个属性值可能是不一样的。关于这个，请看下面的这个例子
class Dog():
tricks = [] # def __init__(self):
# self.tricks = [] def add_tricks(self, trick):
self.tricks.append(trick)
d = Dog()
d.add_tricks('roll over')
e = Dog()
e.add_tricks('play dead')
print(d.tricks, e.tricks) # ['roll over', 'play dead'] ['roll over', 'play dead']
如果注释掉第二行，打开4、5行。运行的结果：['roll over'] ['play dead']。类的方法还可以定义在类的外面，测试用例如下：
def f1(self, x, y):
return min(x, y) class C():
f = f1
def g(self):
return 'hello world' h = g classC = C()
print(C.f(classC, 2, 45), classC.f(2, 45)) # 2 2
print(classC.h()) # hello world
classC.h = 'hello abc'
print(classC.g(), classC.h) # hello world hello abc
上述的例子可以看到f1定义在类C的外面，可以正常使用。而且在类中赋值h = g，修改h的值。不会影响到g，说明类中的方法赋值是值传递。
二、python类的继承与访问权限
python的继承语法如下，可以支持多层继承。
class DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):
<statement-1>
.
.
.
<statement-N>
关于python的私有变量，提供下述的代码：
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, score):
self.__name = name
self.__score = score
self._name = name def print_score(self):
print('%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)) bart = Student('Bart Simpson', 59)
# print(bart.__name) # AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute '_name'
print(bart._Student__name)
print(bart._name) # 约定是外部不能访问，但是实际上外部可以访问。
print(type(bart)) # <class '__main__.Student'>
print(isinstance(bart, Student), issubclass(Student, object)) # True True
python中可以定义一个空的类，属性和方法可以自行添加。
class Employee:
pass john = Employee() # Create an empty employee record # Fill the fields of the record
Employee.name = 'John Doe'
john.dept = 'computer lab'
john.salary = 1000
print(john.name) # John Doe
三、python类中的Generators与Iterators
# one way
for ele in [1, 2, 3]:
print(ele, end=' ')
print() # iter
s = 'abc'
it = iter(s)
print(next(it), next(it), next(it), end=' ')
print() # Generators
def reverse(data):
for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1):
yield data[index] for char in reverse('huhx'):
print(char, end=' ')
print() # class next and iter
class Reverse:
"""Iterator for looping over a sequence backwards."""
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.index = len(data) def __iter__(self):
return self def __next__(self):
if self.index == 0:
raise StopIteration
self.index = self.index - 1
return self.data[self.index] rev = Reverse('linux')
for char in rev:
print(char, end=' ') # 1 2 3
# a b c
# x h u h
# x u n i l
四、python类的一些特殊方法
Python允许在定义class的时候，定义一个特殊的__slots__变量，来限制该class实例能添加的属性：
class Student(object):
__slots__ = ('name', 'age') s = Student()
s.name = 'huhx'
s.age = 45
s.score = 45
运行会报错：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "G:/Java/Go/program/2017-05-18/LearnPython1/test10/huhx5.py", line 8, in <module>
s.score = 45
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'score'
Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的。当调用不存在的属性时，比如score，Python解释器会试图调用__getattr__(self, 'score')来尝试获得属性。__str__()方法类似于java类中的toString方法。如下案例
class Student(object):
@property
def score(self):
return 'score = ' + str(self._score) @score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
self._score = value def __str__(self):
return 'student info: ' + self.score def __getattr__(self, item):
if item == 'address':
return 'china'
elif item == 'attr_fun':
return lambda x: x * x s = Student()
s.score = 60
print(s.score) # score = 60
print(s.address) # china
print(s.attr_fun(4)) #
print(s) # student info: score = 60
s.score = 999 # 抛出异常
