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Python学习day09 - Python进阶（3）异常处理1. 什么是异常2. 语法错误3. 逻辑错误4. 万能捕捉异常的方式Python深浅拷贝1. 拷贝（赋值）2. 浅拷贝3. 深拷贝基本的文件操作1. 找到文件路径2. 双击打开3. 看文件4. 写文件5. 关闭文件实战之猜年龄游戏
Python学习day09 - Python进阶（3）
异常处理
1. 什么是异常
异常其实就是我们平时写程序运行程序时的报错，在Python中，异常一般分为两类，即语法错误和逻辑错误
2. 语法错误
语法错误过不了python解释器的语法检测，所以在程序执行之前必须改正，否则程序无法正常执行。
常见如下例：
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if#SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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0 = 1#SyntaxError: can't assign to literal
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语法错误的错误类型基本都是SyntaxError，后面是较详细的描述。
3. 逻辑错误
逻辑错误不同于语法错误的是，其错误类型比较多样。比如：
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# TypeError:int类型不可迭代
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for i in 3:
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pass
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# ValueError
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num=input(">>: ") #输入hello
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int(num)
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# NameError
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aaa
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# IndexError
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l=['egon','aa']
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l[3]
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# KeyError
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dic={'name':'egon'}
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dic['age']
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# AttributeError
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class Foo:pass
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Foo.x
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# ZeroDivisionError:无法完成计算
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res1=1/0
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res2=1+'str'
4. 万能捕捉异常的方式
当然我们捕捉异常是为了发现，并处理异常，所以这里介绍一种万能的捕获异常的方法：
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s1 = 'hello'
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try:
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int(s1)
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except Exception as e:
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print(e)
Exception可以替代所有的异常类型用来赋值输出，非常方便。而实际上现在的解释器本身的报错，定位错误的功能都挺强大的，所以用这个功能比较有限。
Python深浅拷贝
一般Python的拷贝分为以下三种，我们分别介绍,用copy之前记得加上头文件import copy.
1. 拷贝（赋值）
赋值的常见方式如下：
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lt = [1, 2, 3]
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lt2 = lt
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print(lt)
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print(lt2)
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lt.append(4)
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print(lt)
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print(lt2)
[1,2,3]
[1,2,3]
[1,2,3,4]
[1,2,3,4]
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上述打印结果可以看到，lt的值变化，lt2的值也会跟着变化，这就是最一般的赋值
2. 浅拷贝
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# lt2没有变化的情况
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lt = [1, 2, 3]
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lt2 = copy.copy(lt)
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lt.append(4)
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print(lt) # [1, 2, 3, 4]
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print(lt2) # [1, 2, 3]
以上就是lt2没有跟随lt变化而变化，因为添加修改的是一个字符串，不是可变类型。
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# lt2变化的情况
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lt = [1, 2, 3,[4,5,6]]
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lt2 = copy.copy(lt)
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lt[3].append(7)
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print(lt) # [1, 2, 3, [4,5,6,7]]
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print(lt2) # [1, 2, 3,[4,5,6]]
该例就是lt2跟随lt变化的情况，因为往里面添加的是修改一个列表，是可变的类型。
3. 深拷贝
深拷贝是最稳定的拷贝，也是对原值保留最好的，永远不会随原值改变。
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t = [1000, 2000, 3000, [4000, 5000, 6000]]
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print('id(lt)',id(lt))
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print('id(lt[0])', id(lt[0]))
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print('id(lt[1])', id(lt[1]))
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print('id(lt[2])', id(lt[2]))
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print('id(lt[3])', id(lt[3]))
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print('*' * 50)
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lt2 = copy.deepcopy(lt)
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print('id(lt2)',id(lt2))
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print('id(lt2[0])', id(lt2[0]))
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print('id(lt2[1])', id(lt2[1]))
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print('id(lt2[2])', id(lt2[2]))
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print('id(lt2[3])', id(lt2[3]))
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print('*' * 50)
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由以上打印结果可以看出，不管lt怎么改变，lt2都不会随之改变。
总结如下：
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# 牢记: 拷贝/浅拷贝/深拷贝 只针对可变数据类型
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# 拷贝: 当lt2为lt的拷贝对象时,lt内的可变类型变化,lt2变化;lt内的不可变类型变化,lt2变化。
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#浅拷贝:当lt2为lt的浅拷贝对象时,lt内的可变类型变化,lt2变化;lt内的不可变类型变化,lt2不变化
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# 深拷贝: 当lt2为lt的深拷贝对象时,lt内的可变类型变化,lt2不变化;lt内的不可变类型变化,lt2不变
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基本的文件操作
什么是文件呢，之前的博客中有介绍，文件其实就是操作系统提供给用户的一个虚拟单位，是用来存储数据的。那么用Python来对文件操作有以下几个常用的操作。
1. 找到文件路径
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path = r'D:\Python学习\.idea\Python学习.iml'
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# python里就是这样打开文件路径的，以上这种也叫做绝对路径。相对路径可以如下表示
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path = r'Python学习.iml'
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#相对路径即你所执行的这个py文件的当前文件夹，会默认在这里搜索
2. 双击打开
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f = open(path,'w',encoding = 'utf8')
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print(f)
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# r-->只读,w-->只写，清空当前文件后写入，后面的encoding为所打开文件的编码格式
3. 看文件
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data = f.read()
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print(data)
4. 写文件
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f.write('fsfda')
5. 关闭文件
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del f
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f.close()
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4
#需要注意的是，del f只是删除了解释器对文件的引用，并没有真正关闭文件，只有f.close才是真正的关闭文件
实战之猜年龄游戏
这是最近学习遇到的第一个稍有规模的代码，实现方式有很多种，以下两种仅供参考：
题目需求如下：
- 奖励物品存放在文件price.txt
给定年龄(随机18-60)，用户可以猜三次年龄
年龄猜对，让用户选择两次奖励
用户选择两次奖励后可以退出
常规猜年龄
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import random
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age = random.randint(18, 60) # 随机一个数字,18-60岁
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count = 0 # 计数
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f = open('price.txt', 'r', encoding='utf8') # price.txt右下角为什么编码,则encoding为什么编码
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price_dict = f.read()
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price_dict = eval(price_dict) # type:dict # 获取奖品字典
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f.close()
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price_self = dict()
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while count < 3:
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count += 1
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inp_age = input('请输入你想要猜的年龄:')
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# 判断是否为纯数字
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if not inp_age.isdigit():
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print('搞事就骂你傻逼')
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continue
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inp_age = int(inp_age)
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# 筛选年龄范围
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if inp_age > 60 or inp_age < 18:
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print('好好题目,18-60岁,非诚勿扰')
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continue
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# 核心逻辑
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if age == inp_age:
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print('猜中了,请选择你的奖品')
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# 打印商品
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for k, v in price_dict.items():
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print(f'奖品编号:{k} {v}')
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# 获取奖品的两次循环
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for i in range(2):
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price_choice = input('请输入你需要的奖品编号:')
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if not price_choice.isdigit():
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print("恭喜你已经获得一次奖品,奖品为空!并且请输入正确的奖品编号!")
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continue
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price_choice = int(price_choice)
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if price_choice not in price_dict:
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print('你想多了吧!')
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else:
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price_get = price_dict[price_choice]
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print(f'恭喜中奖:{price_get}')
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if price_self.get(price_get):
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price_self[price_get] += 1
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else:
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price_self[price_get] = 1
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print(f'恭喜你获得以下奖品:{price_self}')
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break
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elif age > inp_age:
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print('猜小了')
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elif age < inp_age:
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print('猜大了')
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continue
抽奖式猜年龄
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1
import random
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3
age = random.randint(18, 19) # 随机一个数字,18-60岁
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count = 0 # 计数
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6
f = open('price.txt', 'r', encoding='utf8') # price.txt右下角为什么编码,则encoding为什么编码
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price_dict = f.read()
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price_dict = eval(price_dict) # type:dict # 获取奖品字典
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f.close()
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price_self = dict()
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while count < 3:
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count += 1
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inp_age = input('请输入你想要猜的年龄:')
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# 判断是否为纯数字
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if not inp_age.isdigit():
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print('搞事就骂你傻逼')
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continue
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inp_age = int(inp_age)
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# 筛选年龄范围
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if inp_age > 60 or inp_age < 18:
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print('好好题目,18-60岁,非诚勿扰')
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continue
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# 核心逻辑
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if age == inp_age:
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print('猜中了,请选择你的奖品')
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# 打印商品
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for k, v in price_dict.items():
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print(f'奖品编号:{k} {v}')
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# 获取奖品的两次循环
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for i in range(2):
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price_y = input(f'请按"Y or y"转动转盘{chr(9803)}:').lower()
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if price_y != 'y':
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print("恭喜你已经获得一次奖品,奖品为空!并且请输入'Y or y'!")
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continue
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46
#
47
price_choice = random.randint(0, 10000)
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49
if price_choice > 0 and price_choice < 9900:
50
price_choice = 6
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print('恭喜你, 下次一定有好东西!!', end=' ')
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else:
53
price_choice = price_choice % 7
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55
if price_choice not in price_dict:
56
print('你想多了吧!')
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else:
58
price_get = price_dict[price_choice]
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print(f'恭喜中奖:{price_get}')
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61
if price_self.get(price_get):
62
price_self[price_get] += 1
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else:
64
price_self[price_get] = 1
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66
print(f'恭喜你获得以下奖品:{price_self}')
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break
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elif age > inp_age:
70
print('猜小了')
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elif age < inp_age:
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print('猜大了')
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continue
以上内容均借鉴于恩师nick的博客，希望大家都去借鉴，关注，点赞~
https://www.cnblogs.com/nickchen121/p/10718112.html
