python中大多数系统级接口都集中在两个模块: sys 和 os
但仍有部分其他标准模块也属于这个领域
如：
常见：
glob 用于文件名扩展
socket 用于网络连接和进程间通信
threading， _thread，queue 用于运行和同步化并发线程
time，timeit 用于获取系统时间相关细节
subprocess，multiprocessing 用于启动和控制并行进程
signal，select，shutil，tempfile 用于多种系统相关任务
不常见：
pySerial 一种串行端口接口
Pexpect 一个用于控制程序建对话的类Except系统
内建函数：
open 文件系统的接口等
但大体而言， sys模块和os模块 是系统工具的核心模块
sys模块主要负责与python解释器相关的组件， 而os模块包含于python所在底层操作系统相对应的变量和函数
随时可以查看sys模块和os模块所能导出的东西：
import sys
print(dir(sys))
['__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__interactivehook__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_clear_type_cache', '_current_frames', '_debugmallocstats', '_getframe', '_git', '_home', '_xoptions', 'api_version', 'argv', 'base_exec_prefix', 'base_prefix', 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'call_tracing', 'callstats', 'copyright', 'displayhook', 'dllhandle', 'dont_write_bytecode', 'exc_info', 'excepthook', 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'flags', 'float_info', 'float_repr_style', 'get_coroutine_wrapper', 'getallocatedblocks', 'getcheckinterval', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getfilesystemencoding', 'getprofile', 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'getsizeof', 'getswitchinterval', 'gettrace', 'getwindowsversion', 'hash_info', 'hexversion', 'implementation', 'int_info', 'intern', 'is_finalizing', 'maxsize', 'maxunicode', 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'set_coroutine_wrapper', 'setcheckinterval', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions', 'winver']
import os
print(dir(os))
['F_OK', 'MutableMapping', 'O_APPEND', 'O_BINARY', 'O_CREAT', 'O_EXCL', 'O_NOINHERIT', 'O_RANDOM', 'O_RDONLY', 'O_RDWR', 'O_SEQUENTIAL', 'O_SHORT_LIVED', 'O_TEMPORARY', 'O_TEXT', 'O_TRUNC', 'O_WRONLY', 'P_DETACH', 'P_NOWAIT', 'P_NOWAITO', 'P_OVERLAY', 'P_WAIT', 'R_OK', 'SEEK_CUR', 'SEEK_END', 'SEEK_SET', 'TMP_MAX', 'W_OK', 'X_OK', '_DummyDirEntry', '_Environ', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_dummy_scandir', '_execvpe', '_exists', '_exit', '_get_exports_list', '_putenv', '_unsetenv', '_wrap_close', 'abort', 'access', 'altsep', 'chdir', 'chmod', 'close', 'closerange', 'cpu_count', 'curdir', 'defpath', 'device_encoding', 'devnull', 'dup', 'dup2', 'environ', 'errno', 'error', 'execl', 'execle', 'execlp', 'execlpe', 'execv', 'execve', 'execvp', 'execvpe', 'extsep', 'fdopen', 'fsdecode', 'fsencode', 'fstat', 'fsync', 'ftruncate', 'get_exec_path', 'get_handle_inheritable', 'get_inheritable', 'get_terminal_size', 'getcwd', 'getcwdb', 'getenv', 'getlogin', 'getpid', 'getppid', 'isatty', 'kill', 'linesep', 'link', 'listdir', 'lseek', 'lstat', 'makedirs', 'mkdir', 'name', 'open', 'pardir', 'path', 'pathsep', 'pipe', 'popen', 'putenv', 'read', 'readlink', 'remove', 'removedirs', 'rename', 'renames', 'replace', 'rmdir', 'scandir', 'sep', 'set_handle_inheritable', 'set_inheritable', 'spawnl', 'spawnle', 'spawnv', 'spawnve', 'st', 'startfile', 'stat', 'stat_float_times', 'stat_result', 'statvfs_result', 'strerror', 'supports_bytes_environ', 'supports_dir_fd', 'supports_effective_ids', 'supports_fd', 'supports_follow_symlinks', 'symlink', 'sys', 'system', 'terminal_size', 'times', 'times_result', 'truncate', 'umask', 'uname_result', 'unlink', 'urandom', 'utime', 'waitpid', 'walk', 'write']
显示文档字符串：
import sys
print(sys.__doc__)
This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by print()
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
These three are only available in an interactive session after a
traceback has been printed.
Static objects:
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
float_info -- a struct sequence with information about the float implementation.
float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
hash_info -- a struct sequence with information about the hash algorithm.
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
implementation -- Python implementation information.
int_info -- a struct sequence with information about the int implementation.
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the value of the largest Unicode code point
platform -- platform identifier
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
thread_info -- a struct sequence with information about the thread implementation.
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a named tuple
dllhandle -- [Windows only] integer handle of the Python DLL
winver -- [Windows only] version number of the Python DLL
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!
Functions:
displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in builtins._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one 🙂
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setcheckinterval() -- control how often the interpreter checks for events
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
或者help(sys) 会解释的更加详细
